those who unsettle you would castrate themselves!” (5:12), are not to be written off as impulsive outbursts. They function as part and parcel of a carefully constructed and forceful argument made with the implied readers. The commentary on Galatians by Hans Dieter Betz (1979) was the first to examine the letter carefully in terms of its rhetorical strategies. Betz labels Galatians as an example of the “apologetic letter,” a form of juridical rhetoric. Paul is the defendant, under attack by accusers
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